Frasers Property Limited (FSRPF) Stock Analysis
For informational purposes only. Not financial advice. Analysis by Sedat ANAK, Founder & Editor-in-Chief | AI-powered analysis. Data sourced from SEC filings and institutional-grade financial providers. Editorially reviewed. Not financial advice.
Frasers Property Limited (FSRPF) trades at $0.7981 with AI Score 48/100 (Grade C). Frasers Property Limited is a Singapore-based investment holding company engaged in the development, investment, and management of a diverse real estate… Market cap: $3.13B, Sector: Real estate.
Price as of Aug 20, 2026 · Last analyzed: Jun 15, 2026Analyst Coverage for FSRPF: FSRPF does not currently have published analyst price targets in our coverage universe. This is common for smaller-cap names with limited Wall Street coverage. In the absence of analyst consensus, our AI model evaluates FSRPF against Real Estate peers across nine fundamental dimensions and assigns an underweight signal based on the underlying data.
FSRPF: 1/3 scored disciplines lean bearish. Dominant signal: Ray Dalio bullish.
How is this calculated? →Why this analysis is different
- A 9-signal quantitative MoonshotScore built from filings, insider activity, and market data — computed from the numbers, not from opinion.
- An AI Council read across up to eight perspectives — value, macro, quantitative, and momentum lenses — that shows where they disagree instead of averaging the tension away.
- Figures come straight from FMP and Yahoo Finance filings data. The AI writes the narrative around the numbers — it never edits the numbers.
Frasers Property Limited (FSRPF) Real Estate Portfolio & Strategy
Frasers Property Limited is a Singapore-headquartered, diversified real estate investment holding company with a global portfolio spanning residential, hospitality, commercial, retail, and industrial assets across Asia, Australia, and Europe. The company also strategically sponsors multiple real estate investment trusts, enhancing its market reach and capital deployment capabilities.
What Is the Investment Thesis for FSRPF?
Frasers Property Limited presents as a diversified real estate entity with a robust global footprint, underpinned by a strategic blend of direct asset ownership and REIT sponsorships. The company's market capitalization stands at $3.61 billion, reflecting its significant presence in the real estate sector. Its P/E ratio of 17.3, while above some industry averages, suggests investor confidence in its earnings quality and future growth prospects, potentially driven by its diversified portfolio across high-growth sectors like logistics and recovering hospitality. A healthy gross margin of 42.5% indicates efficient operational management across its varied asset classes, contributing to an 8.9% profit margin. The dividend yield of 4.02% offers income potential, appealing to long-term investors. Key growth catalysts include the ongoing global demand for logistics and industrial properties, the post-pandemic recovery of the hospitality sector, and urbanization trends in Southeast Asia where the company has a significant presence. Its strategic sponsorship of multiple REITs provides a flexible capital recycling mechanism and a stable source of fee income. However, the company's beta of 0.42 suggests lower volatility relative to the broader market, but it remains exposed to potential risks such as interest rate fluctuations and regional economic downturns impacting property values and rental income.
Based on FMP financials and quantitative analysis
FSRPF Key Highlights
Market Capitalization of $3.13B, positioning Frasers Property as a substantial player within the diversified real estate sector.
- A P/E ratio of 17.3, indicating market expectations for continued earnings growth and reflecting investor confidence in its asset portfolio.
- A robust Gross Margin of 42.5%, demonstrating strong operational efficiency across its diverse property development and management activities.
- A Profit Margin of 8.9%, showcasing the company's ability to translate its extensive operations into solid bottom-line profitability.
- A Dividend Yield of 4.02%, providing investors with a consistent income stream from its stable real estate assets and operations.
Who Are FSRPF's Competitors?
FSRPF is benchmarked below against 8 industry peers on price, market cap, and our AI MoonshotScore.
| Company | Price | Change | Market Cap | AI Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NWWDF New World Development Company Limited | $1.23 | +0.00% | $3.10B | 52 |
| AMLLF AEON Mall Co., Ltd. | $11.99 | -33.76% | $2.73B | 45 |
| HNLGF Hang Lung Group Limited | $1.94 | +0.00% | $2.64B | 52 |
| JOE The St. Joe Company | $68.89 | -1.53% | $3.92B | 99 |
| CAIAF CA Immobilien Anlagen AG | $26.95 | +0.00% | $2.48B | 46 |
| HHH Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. | $68.20 | +3.71% | $4.07B | 63 |
| HUFAF Hufvudstaden AB (publ) | $12.89 | +0.00% | $2.40B | 48 |
| HNLGY Hang Lung Group Limited | $8.51 | +0.00% | $2.32B | 51 |
AI Score by Stock Expert AI · Price data: FMP / Yahoo Finance
What Are FSRPF's Key Strengths?
Highly diversified real estate portfolio spanning residential, hospitality, commercial, retail, and industrial sectors.
- Extensive geographic reach across Singapore, Australia, Europe, China, Thailand, and other international markets.
- Strategic sponsorship of multiple real estate investment trusts (REITs) provides capital access and fee income.
- Strong gross margin of 42.5% indicates efficient operations across its diverse business segments.
- Long operating history since 1963, demonstrating resilience and market experience.
What Are FSRPF's Weaknesses?
Exposure to fluctuations in multiple international real estate markets and economic cycles.
- Reliance on external capital markets for funding large-scale developments and acquisitions.
- Relatively high P/E ratio of 17.3 compared to some real estate peers, potentially indicating higher valuation expectations.
- Operating on the OTC market may present challenges related to liquidity and investor awareness.
What Could Drive FSRPF Stock Higher?
FSRPF catalyst: Global economic recovery supporting increased demand across Frasers Property's diversified real estate portfolio, including commercial, retail, and residential segments.
- Continued robust growth in e-commerce driving sustained demand for logistics and industrial properties, benefiting Frasers Property's significant exposure in this sector.
- Further recovery in international travel and tourism, leading to improved occupancy rates and revenue generation for its extensive hospitality assets across 70 cities.
- Strategic acquisitions or successful launches of new integrated developments in key growth markets, enhancing asset value and expanding market presence.
- Effective management and potential expansion of its sponsored REITs, attracting more institutional investment and providing stable fee income and capital recycling opportunities.
What Are the Key Risks for FSRPF?
Financial-distress signal — its Altman Z-Score of 0.53 sits in the distress zone (elevated bankruptcy risk).
- Fluctuations in global real estate markets, including potential declines in property values or rental yields across its diverse asset classes and geographies.
- Rising interest rates increasing borrowing costs for new developments and existing debt, potentially impacting profitability and property valuations.
- Economic slowdowns or recessions in key operating regions, which could reduce demand for residential sales, commercial leases, and hospitality services.
- Geopolitical instability, regulatory changes, or adverse government policies in countries where Frasers Property operates, affecting business conditions and investment returns.
- Intense competition from other large-scale diversified real estate developers and investors, potentially leading to pricing pressures or challenges in securing prime development sites.
What Are the Growth Opportunities for FSRPF?
- **Expansion in Logistics and Industrial Properties**: The global surge in e-commerce and supply chain optimization continues to fuel robust demand for modern logistics and industrial facilities. Frasers Property, through its direct investments and sponsored Frasers Logistics & Commercial Trust and Frasers Property Thailand Industrial Freehold & Leasehold REIT, is well-positioned to capitalize on this trend. This sector benefits from long-term leases and stable income streams, with market reports indicating sustained growth in warehousing and distribution center development across key Asian and European hubs for the foreseeable future, offering significant opportunities for portfolio expansion and yield enhancement.
- **Hospitality Sector Recovery and Growth**: With global travel and tourism steadily recovering from previous disruptions, the hospitality sector presents a significant growth avenue. Frasers Property's extensive portfolio of serviced apartments and hotels across approximately 70 cities, managed under Frasers Hospitality Trust, is poised for increased occupancy rates and revenue per available room (RevPAR). As international borders fully reopen and business travel resumes, the demand for quality accommodation is expected to rebound strongly, particularly in key urban centers and tourist destinations where Frasers Property has an established presence, driving earnings growth in this segment.
- **Strategic Integrated Developments**: The trend towards mixed-use integrated developments, combining residential, commercial, retail, and leisure components, continues to gain traction in urban planning. Frasers Property's expertise in creating such comprehensive ecosystems allows it to meet evolving consumer and business needs, enhancing property values and fostering vibrant communities. These developments often command premium pricing and generate diverse revenue streams, providing a resilient growth pathway. The company's ability to execute large-scale, complex projects across its key markets positions it favorably to capture market share in this high-value segment.
- **Leveraging Southeast Asia's Urbanization and Economic Growth**: Countries within Southeast Asia, including Thailand where Frasers Property has a strong foothold, are experiencing rapid urbanization and sustained economic growth. This demographic shift drives demand for all types of real estate, from affordable housing to modern commercial spaces and logistics infrastructure. Frasers Property's established presence and local market knowledge in these regions provide a significant advantage in identifying and developing projects that cater to the burgeoning middle class and expanding businesses, ensuring long-term growth through strategic investments in these dynamic markets.
- **Expansion and Optimization of REIT Platforms**: Frasers Property's role as a sponsor for multiple REITs (Frasers Centrepoint Trust, Frasers Logistics & Commercial Trust, Frasers Hospitality Trust, Frasers Property Thailand Industrial Freehold & Leasehold REIT, and Golden Ventures Leasehold Real Estate Investment Trust) offers a powerful mechanism for growth. This strategy allows the company to recycle capital from mature assets into new developments, expand its asset base without solely relying on its balance sheet, and generate recurring fee income from asset management. Further optimization and potential expansion of these REIT platforms, including new listings or asset injections, can unlock significant value and enhance overall shareholder returns.
What Are FSRPF's Competitive Advantages?
- **Diversified Global Portfolio**: Extensive asset base across multiple property types (residential, commercial, retail, hospitality, industrial) and geographies (Asia, Australia, Europe) mitigates market-specific risks and offers broad exposure to real estate trends.
- **Integrated Business Model**: Capabilities spanning the entire real estate value chain from development and investment to asset management and operations, allowing for greater control and value creation.
- **Strategic REIT Sponsorship**: Sponsorship of multiple listed REITs provides access to public capital markets for funding growth, enables efficient asset recycling, and generates recurring fee income, enhancing financial flexibility.
- **Established Brand and Track Record**: Incorporated in 1963, the company has a long history and established reputation in the real estate sector, fostering trust with partners, tenants, and investors.
- **Operational Scale and Expertise**: Managing over 10,000 employees and a vast portfolio across diverse markets provides significant operational scale and deep expertise in various real estate segments.
What Does FSRPF Do?
Frasers Property Limited, incorporated in 1963 and headquartered in Singapore, operates as a prominent investment holding entity deeply involved in the creation, acquisition, and administration of a vast and diverse array of real estate assets. The company's journey began as Frasers Centrepoint Limited, rebranding to its current name in February 2018, marking its evolution into a globally recognized real estate player. Its extensive portfolio is strategically diversified across various asset classes, including integrated developments, residential complexes, hospitality establishments, commercial and business park properties, retail centers, as well as logistics and industrial sites. This broad spectrum of holdings is strategically located across key international markets, encompassing Singapore, Australia, Europe, China, Thailand, various parts of Southeast Asia, and other international regions, demonstrating a robust global footprint. Beyond direct property ownership and development, Frasers Property maintains significant ownership and operational control over serviced apartments and hotels, which are situated in approximately 70 cities throughout Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, catering to a wide range of travel and accommodation needs. A core component of its business model involves acting as a key sponsor for several real estate investment trusts (REITs). This includes two REITs listed on the Singapore Exchange (SGX-ST): Frasers Centrepoint Trust, which focuses on retail and commercial properties, and Frasers Logistics & Commercial Trust, dedicated to industrial assets. Additionally, it sponsors Frasers Hospitality Trust, a stapled trust specializing in hospitality properties. On the Stock Exchange of Thailand, the company supports two further REITs: Frasers Property Thailand Industrial Freehold & Leasehold REIT, targeting industrial and logistics properties, and Golden Ventures Leasehold Real Estate Investment Trust, which specializes in commercial properties. This multi-faceted approach allows Frasers Property Limited to generate revenue from various streams, including property development, rental income, and asset management fees, solidifying its position as a comprehensive real estate enterprise.
What Products and Services Does FSRPF Offer?
- Develops integrated real estate projects, combining various property types into cohesive urban spaces.
- Invests in and manages a diverse portfolio of residential properties for sale and rental.
- Operates and owns serviced apartments and hotels across approximately 70 cities globally.
- Manages commercial and business park properties, providing office and workspace solutions.
- Develops and operates retail centers, offering shopping and leisure experiences.
- Invests in and manages logistics and industrial properties, supporting supply chain and e-commerce needs.
- Acts as a key sponsor for five real estate investment trusts (REITs) listed on the SGX-ST and Stock Exchange of Thailand.
- Acquires and administers real estate assets across Singapore, Australia, Europe, China, Thailand, and other international markets.
How Does FSRPF Make Money?
- **Property Development and Sales**: Generates revenue from the development and sale of residential and integrated properties.
- **Rental Income**: Earns recurring income from leasing out commercial, retail, logistics, and industrial properties.
- **Hospitality Operations**: Generates revenue from room bookings and services provided by its owned and operated serviced apartments and hotels.
- **REIT Sponsorship and Management Fees**: Receives fees for sponsoring and managing its listed real estate investment trusts, leveraging its expertise to grow these platforms.
- **Asset Management and Investment**: Creates value through strategic acquisitions, asset enhancements, and divestments across its diverse property portfolio.
What Industry Does FSRPF Operate In?
Frasers Property Limited operates within the dynamic and capital-intensive Real Estate - Diversified industry, characterized by a broad spectrum of asset classes and global market exposure. The industry is currently influenced by several key trends, including the sustained demand for logistics and industrial spaces driven by e-commerce expansion, the gradual recovery of the global hospitality sector post-pandemic, and ongoing urbanization, particularly in Asian markets. Frasers Property's strategy of diversifying its portfolio across residential, commercial, retail, hospitality, and industrial properties, coupled with its extensive geographic reach across Asia, Australia, and Europe, positions it to capitalize on these varied trends. The competitive landscape is fragmented, with numerous regional and international developers and investors. Frasers Property distinguishes itself through its integrated business model, encompassing development, investment, and management, alongside its unique role as a sponsor of multiple real estate investment trusts (REITs), which provides a competitive advantage in capital access and asset recycling.
Who Are FSRPF's Key Customers?
- **Residential Buyers**: Individuals and families purchasing homes in Frasers Property's residential developments.
- **Commercial and Industrial Tenants**: Businesses and corporations leasing office spaces, retail units, logistics facilities, and industrial parks.
- **Hospitality Guests**: Tourists, business travelers, and long-stay residents utilizing its serviced apartments and hotels.
- **Retail Shoppers**: Consumers visiting its retail centers and malls.
- **Institutional Investors**: Investors in its sponsored Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) seeking exposure to diversified property assets and stable distributions.
Frasers Property Limited (FSRPF) Valuation Context
Valued at $3.13B, FSRPF is classified as a mid-cap stock. Relative to its peer group, FSRPF's quantitative score of 48/100 is below the peer average of 59/100.
FSRPF Revenue & Earnings Trend
In Q1 2026, FSRPF generated $754.3M in top-line revenue, marking a sequential increase of 0.0%. The company recorded net income of $44.2M, with diluted EPS of $0.01. Quarter-over-quarter revenue has been mixed, typical for a mid-cap company operating in Real Estate. Across the four most recent quarters, FSRPF averaged $0.01 in diluted EPS.
Company Profile
Frasers Property Limited operates in the Real Estate - Diversified industry within the Real Estate sector. It is headquartered in Singapore, SG. The company is led by CEO Panote Sirivadhanabhakdi. FSRPF has traded publicly since 2014.
Key Financial Metrics
Return on equity for Frasers Property Limited stands at 2.5%, a gauge of how efficiently it converts shareholder capital into profit. Return on assets is 0.6%, showing how much profit it generates from its asset base. FSRPF trades at a trailing price-to-earnings ratio of 17.28, below the Real Estate sector average of ~21x. Its free cash flow yield is 23.4%, a gauge of the cash the business throws off relative to its market value. A current ratio of 1.23 indicates the company holds enough short-term assets to cover its near-term obligations. Its earnings yield is 5.8%, the inverse of the P/E and a quick read on earnings relative to price.
Financial Health
Frasers Property Limited's Piotroski F-Score is 5/9, a 9-point checklist of profitability, leverage and efficiency — a middling fundamental profile. Its Altman Z-Score of 0.53 places it in the distress zone, a signal of elevated financial risk.
Forward Outlook
Wall Street analysts project Frasers Property Limited revenue of about $2.77B for fiscal 2026, with EPS near $0.03.
FSRPF Financials
Fundamental Snapshot
Based on FMP financials and quantitative analysis · FY 2025
Bull Case vs Bear Case
Bull Case
- Frasers Property's recent insider buying suggests confidence from those closest to the company's operations.
- Positive community sentiment indicates growing belief in the company's long-term strategy.
- The market seems to perceive Frasers as a stable, dividend-focused play in a volatile environment.
- Recent developments suggest strong demand for their integrated properties, potentially boosting future revenue.
Bear Case
- Limited buzz around innovation or disruptive potential suggests Frasers might be perceived as lagging behind in market trends.
- Bearish community views highlight concerns about potential overexposure to specific real estate sectors.
- Market perception indicates some worry about the impact of rising interest rates on Frasers' debt and future projects.
- Recent insider selling (if any) could signal concerns about short-term performance or market conditions.
AI-generated arguments based on insider flow, news sentiment and technicals — not financial advice · March 2026
Recent Quarterly Results
| Quarter | Revenue | Net Income | EPS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 2026 | $754M | $44M | $0.01 |
| Q4 2025 | $754M | $44M | $0.01 |
| Q3 2025 | $906M | $50M | $0.01 |
| Q1 2025 | $796M | $71M | $0.02 |
Based on FMP financials and quantitative analysis
FSRPF Latest News
-
Frasers Shares Jump 4.7% on S$1.1 Billion Asset Sale
gurufocus.com · Jun 25, 2026
FSRPF Analyst Consensus
Consensus Rating
Aggregated Buy/Hold/Sell recommendations from Benzinga, Yahoo Finance, and Finnhub for FSRPF.
Price Targets
Wall Street price target analysis for FSRPF.
FSRPF MoonshotScore
What does this score mean?
The MoonshotScore rates FSRPF 0-100 on quantitative fundamentals — growth, financial health, valuation, momentum, and risk.
Leadership: Panote Sirivadhanabhakdi
Unknown
Panote Sirivadhanabhakdi is known to lead Frasers Property Limited, overseeing a substantial workforce of 10,100 employees. Specific details regarding his educational background, prior career history, and previous executive roles are not available in the provided source data. His leadership is central to guiding the company's extensive real estate development, investment, and management operations across its diverse global portfolio.
Track Record: Specific achievements, strategic decisions, and company milestones directly attributable to Panote Sirivadhanabhakdi's leadership are not detailed in the provided source data. His role involves managing the company's broad real estate interests, including its diversified asset classes and international operations, as well as its strategic sponsorship of multiple real estate investment trusts.
FSRPF OTC Market Information
Frasers Property Limited trades on the OTC market under the 'OTC Other' tier. This tier represents companies that do not meet the requirements for OTCQX or OTCQB, often due to minimal or no public disclosure of financial information. Unlike major exchanges like NYSE or NASDAQ, which have stringent listing requirements for financial reporting, corporate governance, and minimum share price, companies in the 'OTC Other' tier face significantly fewer regulatory obligations. This classification generally indicates a lower level of transparency and investor protection compared to higher OTC tiers or exchange-listed securities.
- OTC Tier: OTC Other
- **Limited Disclosure and Transparency**: The 'Unknown' disclosure status means investors have limited access to reliable, current financial information, making informed investment decisions challenging.
- **Low Liquidity and Price Volatility**: Trading on the 'OTC Other' tier often results in low trading volumes, wide bid-ask spreads, and significant price fluctuations, making it difficult to buy or sell shares efficiently.
- **Lack of Regulatory Oversight**: Compared to major exchanges, OTC markets, especially lower tiers, have less stringent regulatory requirements, offering fewer investor protections.
- **Difficulty in Valuation**: The scarcity of public financial data and analyst coverage makes it complex to accurately value the company's stock.
- **Potential for Manipulation**: Lower trading volumes and less oversight can make OTC Other stocks more susceptible to market manipulation.
- Verify any available financial statements directly from the company or reputable third-party sources, even if disclosure is 'Unknown'.
- Research recent news and press releases from the company to understand current operations and strategic initiatives.
- Thoroughly understand the company's business model, asset portfolio, and geographic exposure.
- Assess the background and track record of the management team, if information is available.
- Investigate any regulatory filings or disclosures made in its primary listing jurisdiction (Singapore).
- Evaluate the company's primary listing (if any) and its associated regulatory environment.
- Consider the potential impact of foreign exchange rates on its international operations and reported financials.
- **Established Operating History**: Incorporated in 1963, indicating a long-standing presence and experience in the real estate sector.
- **Headquartered in Singapore**: A reputable financial and business hub, suggesting a degree of corporate governance and stability.
- **Extensive and Diversified Portfolio**: Operates a wide range of real estate assets across multiple international markets, demonstrating substantial operations.
- **Significant Employee Base**: Employs 10,100 individuals, indicating a large-scale, active business operation.
- **Sponsorship of Listed REITs**: Acts as a sponsor for several REITs listed on the SGX-ST and Stock Exchange of Thailand, which are regulated exchanges, lending credibility to its overall corporate structure.
Frasers Property Limited Real Estate Stock: Key Questions Answered
What does the AI Score mean for FSRPF?
FSRPF holds an AI Score of 48/100 (Grade: C). This is an educational research signal, not a buy or sell recommendation. Frasers Property Limited is a Singapore-based investment holding company engaged in the development, investment, and management of a diverse real estate portfolio across multiple international …
What does Frasers Property Limited do?
Frasers Property Limited is a Singapore-based investment holding company with a comprehensive global real estate business. It is actively involved in the development, investment, and management of a highly diversified portfolio that includes residential, hospitality (serviced apartments and hotels across 70 cities), commercial and business parks, retail centers, and logistics and industrial properties.
What key financial metrics are important for investors to consider for FSRPF?
For Frasers Property Limited (FSRPF), investors typically focus on several key financial metrics to assess its performance and valuation. The P/E ratio of 17.3 provides insight into how much investors are willing to pay for each dollar of earnings, reflecting market expectations for future growth.
What are the main risks for FSRPF?
Frasers Property Limited faces several inherent risks given its diversified global real estate operations. Ongoing risks include exposure to fluctuations in international real estate markets, which can impact property values, rental income, and development sales across its residential, commercial, retail, hospitality, and industrial segments.
How does Frasers Property Limited leverage its REIT sponsorships?
Frasers Property Limited strategically leverages its sponsorships of multiple Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) as a core component of its business model. By sponsoring REITs like Frasers Centrepoint Trust, Frasers Logistics & Commercial Trust, and Frasers Hospitality Trust, the company gains several advantages.
What is the significance of Frasers Property Limited's diversified portfolio?
Frasers Property Limited's highly diversified portfolio, spanning residential, hospitality, commercial, retail, and logistics/industrial properties across multiple international markets (including Singapore, Australia, Europe, and Asia), is a cornerstone of its strategic resilience and growth. This diversification significantly mitigates risks associated with over-reliance on any single property type or geographic market.
What are the key factors to evaluate for FSRPF?
Frasers Property Limited (FSRPF) holds an AI score of 48/100 (low). P/E: 17.3x vs the S&P 500's ~20-25x. Not financial advice.
How frequently does FSRPF data refresh on this page?
FSRPF's price was last updated on Aug 20, 2026 and refreshes on page view during U.S. market hours — it is not a real-time exchange feed. Fundamentals update after quarterly filings; the MoonshotScore recalculates nightly; news aggregates continuously.
What has driven FSRPF's recent stock price performance?
Frasers Property Limited (FSRPF) moves on earnings results, analyst revisions, sector rotation, and market sentiment. Notable catalyst: Highly diversified real estate portfolio spanning residential, hospitality, commercial, retail, and industrial sectors. See the News tab for the latest drivers. Past performance does not predict future results.
Disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice. Always do your own research and consult a financial advisor.
Official Resources
Data provided for informational purposes only.
- Detailed CEO background and track record were not provided in the source data, resulting in 'Unknown' entries.
- Specific market sizes and timelines for growth opportunities were inferred based on general industry trends and the company's stated operations, as not explicitly provided in the source.
- The 'Unknown' disclosure status for OTC trading limits the depth of financial analysis that can be performed based solely on provided data.